Dukkha
Five schools of Indian philosophy, compared
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What each school says
Advaita Vedanta
According to the philosophy of Advaita, dukkha, or misery, is a significant concept. Dukkha is said to be caused by various factors, including karma (cite: edge_012554) and samskara (cite: edge_012253). It is also described as being closely related to the concept of klesha, with dukkha being the result of klesha (cite: edge_011924). Additionally, dukkha is seen as something that can be ended through moksha, or liberation, which is described as the cessation of pain (cite: edge_010386).
Dvaita Vedanta
According to the dvaita school of philosophy, dukkha, or misery, is a significant concept. Dukkha is said to be caused by various factors, including karma (cite: edge_012554) and samskara (cite: edge_012253). It is also associated with the idea that all personal life is misery (cite: edge_011910) and that even the wise recognize that all is misery (cite: edge_012508). Ultimately, the cessation of dukkha is linked to the concept of moksha, or liberation (cite: edge_010386).
Vishishtadvaita
According to the Vishishtadvaita school of philosophy, the concept of dukkha, or misery, is caused by various factors such as karma (cite: edge_012554) and samskara (cite: edge_012253). Dukkha is also associated with the jiva, or the individual self, with all personal life being considered misery (cite: edge_011910). Additionally, dukkha is seen as something that can be ended through moksha, or liberation, which is described as the complete cessation of pain (cite: edge_010386). The wise are said to recognize that all is misery (cite: edge_012508).
Achintya Bhedabheda
According to the achintya_bhedabheda school of philosophy, dukkha, or misery, is caused by various factors such as karma (cite: edge_012554), samskara (cite: edge_012253), and jiva (cite: edge_011910). Dukkha is also said to be a qualified aspect of the wise (cite: edge_012508) and is closely related to klesha, or affliction (cite: edge_012503). Additionally, dukkha is seen as something that can be ceased through moksha, or liberation (cite: edge_010386). Overall, dukkha is viewed as a fundamental aspect of the human experience (cite: edge_011911).
Dvaitadvaita
According to the dvaitadvaita school of philosophy, dukkha, or misery, is caused by various factors such as karma (cite: edge_012554), samskara (cite: edge_012253), and jiva (cite: edge_011910). Dukkha is also associated with the concept of klesha, which is described as clustering in misery (cite: edge_012503). Additionally, dukkha is seen as something that can be ended through moksha, or liberation, which is described as the cessation of pain (cite: edge_010386). The wise are said to recognize that all is misery (cite: edge_012508).
Buddhism (Pali Canon)
In Buddhist philosophy, dukkha is a concept that refers to suffering or dissatisfaction. According to Buddhist teachings, dukkha is caused by various factors, including karma, sensual pleasures, and consciousness (cite: edge_009118, cite: edge_009785, cite: edge_008403). Dukkha is also closely tied to the cycle of rebirth, old age, and death, and is seen as a fundamental aspect of the human experience (cite: edge_009731, cite: edge_008722). Ultimately, the goal of Buddhist practice is to overcome dukkha and achieve liberation, or moksha (cite: edge_009809, cite: edge_009929).
[Note: this summary may contain an unverified citation.]
Where schools disagree
No direct cross-school contradictions found for this concept in the current data.